The longevity of apples on the tree varies somewhat from variety to variety, but in general one can leave apples on the tree for several weeks. Apples left on the tree will ripen and sweeten over time, but for a quality product, growers should plan to harvest earlier than later. As the apples ripen, timing becomes a critical factor as to how long they should remain on the tree. While harvest times vary, under ideal circumstances, one can expect to harvest apples from the tree 4 to 6 weeks after bloom, depending on the cultivar.
It is important to note that apples can spoil quickly after harvest, so it is important to gauge the ripeness of the apples properly before removing them from the tree. Apples are ripe when fruits come off with a slight twist. Overripe apples can be prone to bruising, increased insect damage and reduced storage life. Experienced growers learn to properly time the harvest in order to achieve the maximum shelf life of apples.
Harvesting apples too soon can be equally detrimental to the quality of the fruit. Young apples may require an additional 3 to 4 days to ripen off the tree before eating. To help facilitate the ripening process of apples, growers should pick apples with a slight “give” when gently compressed around the stem. This should be done carefully as overly firm apples indicate premature harvesting.
In addition to quality being affected by premature harvesting, over matured apples will become too soft to be able to handle without damage. These over ripe apples are also more susceptible to insect damage and spoilage. When left on the tree too long, they can also be a food source for larvae and other pests.
Knowing the correct time to harvest apples is key to achieving the right balance of flavor and texture in the apples. It is also important to consider climatic factors such as temperatures and rainfall to properly gauge the maturity of the apples. Growers should carefully monitor the fruits’ development and be familiar with the optimal harvest time for the intended market.
Factors to Consider
Growers should consider several factors when determining how long to leave apples on the tree. This includes their market, their soil and environmental conditions, their variety of apples, and how the apples will be used.
The market for the apples should first be considered when determining how long the apples should be left on the tree. Some markets are more sensitive to quality than others, and require the apples to be ripe at a certain point in the season in order to be marketable. Knowing the exact specifications of a particular market can help a grower determine how long to leave the apples on the tree.
The soil and environmental conditions of the growing region must also be considered when determining the best time to harvest. In areas with hot and dry climates, apples may mature faster, while those grown in more temperate climates may take longer to mature. This can influence the time to pick the apples.
The particular variety of apples and how they will be used must also be taken into account. Some apples, such as Granny Smith, are harvested earlier than others, such as Spartans. In addition, apples that are intended for cider or puree may have different harvest times than those intended to be eaten.
Storage Times
When properly stored, fresh apples can last for 2-4 months. Apples should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight, at a temperature between 30 and 35F. Apples can also be stored in the refrigerator for up to 6 months. For the best results, apples should be stored in perforated plastic bags in order to maintain the optimal temperature, humidity and circulation.
Storing apples in a cool place reduces the rate of cell respiration and the production of ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is a ripening agent, and thus can cause fruits to ripen prematurely. Low levels of ethylene gas can extend the shelf life of apples, whereas high levels can cause them to spoil quickly. Higher levels of ethylene gas can also cause the apples to become soft, discolored and unappealing. Thus, in order to maximize the shelf life of the apples, proper storage conditions must be maintained.
Moderate humidity is also important for proper storage of apples. Apples can lose moisture quickly when not stored in a humid environment. High humidity helps to control the rate of water loss and reduce the rate of spoilage, as well as reduce the risk of disease and bruising.
In order to further extend the shelf life of apples, they should be stored away from fruits that emit ethylene gas and produce high levels of humidity. Storing apples with other fruits that emit ethylene gas can cause the apples to ripen more quickly. In addition, storing apples in too humid an environment can cause the apples to become soggy and may result in mold growth.
Post-Harvest Care
After harvesting apples, it is important to take proper post-harvest care in order to extend their shelf life. This includes washing the fruit, checking for injuries and damage, monitoring temperature and relative humidity, and using proper packaging.
Fruits should be washed thoroughly in cool water to reduce the risk of disease. Apples should also be checked for physical injuries, such as bruising or rotten spots, as these can cause the apples to spoil quickly. Temperature and relative humidity should also be monitored in order to ensure optimal storage conditions.
Apples should also be properly packaged in order to maintain shelf life. The use of breathable material, such as perforated plastic bags, will promote proper air circulation and reduce the risk of condensation. Apples should also be stored away from other fruits that emit ethylene gas and humidity.
Finally, apples should be kept away from direct sunlight. Exposure to direct sunlight causes the apples to become overripe and unappealing. In addition, extended exposure to sunlight can cause the apple to become discolored and unappealing. Proper packaging and storage will help to protect against damage caused by direct sunlight.
Pest and Disease Management
In addition to proper post-harvest care, growers must also be aware of potential pests and diseases which can damage apples, and take the necessary steps to prevent or manage them. This includes monitoring for signs of pest activity, removing diseased or damaged fruit, and using pest control measures, such as pesticides and traps, where necessary.
Common pests of apples include codling moths, apple maggots, aphids, and various beetle species. These pests can cause damage to the fruit and reduce the shelf life of apples. It is important to monitor for signs of pest activity, such as feeding damage or eggs, and to remove any damaged fruit as soon as possible. Pest control measures should also be used where necessary in order to prevent further damage.
Apples are also susceptible to diseases, such as bitter rot and scab. These diseases can reduce the quality of the apples, as well as their shelf life. It is important to monitor for signs of disease, and to remove any infected fruit in order to prevent the spread of disease. Proper pruning and sanitation of the orchard can also help to reduce the risk of disease.
In addition to monitoring and preventative measures, growers should also consider using chemical control measures when necessary. Chemical control measures, such as pesticides and fungicides, can help to reduce pest and disease damage, as well as extend the shelf life of apples. However, it is important to read the label and use the products in a manner that is safe for humans, animals, and the environment.
Harvest Timing
Harvest timing is key to ensuring a quality product, and proper harvest timing can help to extend the shelf life of apples. Apples should be harvested when they are at optimal maturity, which will depend on the variety. Apples should also be harvested carefully in order to minimize bruising and injury. Finally, proper post-harvest care and storage are keys to extending the shelf life of apples.
Knowing how long to leave apples on the tree is an important part of the growing process. It is necessary to consider the market, soil and environmental conditions, variety of apples, and how they will be used in order to determine the best time to pick. Proper post-harvest care and storage are also keys to extending the shelf life of apples. By following these tips, growers can produce a quality product while also maximizing the shelf life.
