Avocado trees are hardy, fast-growing plants that can offer an abundance of delicious fruit, both for eating and for making guacamole. But getting an avocado tree started isn’t as easy as it looks! To give yourself the best chance of success, here’s what you need to know to start growing a healthy avocado tree in your backyard.
Get the Right Variety
The first step in avocado success is to know your variety types. Your local nursery or garden center should carry a few different types like Hass, Bacon, Fuerte, and Reed, and you need to pick the right one for your climate. As a general rule, choose a type that’s known to do well in your region. For example, Hass avocados grow better in Central and Southern California than in the northwest. A local nursery or garden center should have knowledgeable staff to help you select the variety that will do well where you live.
Find the Right Spot
Avocados thrive in full sun, meaning at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight each day. A well-draining spot with plenty of room for your tree to grow will also help ensure successful growth. And don’t forget to check your soil quality. Your avocado tree will need either potting soil or a loamy soil that’s high in organic matter. The soil should be lightly acidic with a pH between 6.0 and 6.5. Avoid areas that are too windy or prone to frost. The best spot for an avocado tree is an area with good air circulation, underneath other trees and shrubs but without too much competition.
Prepare the Soil
Once you’ve found the right spot, it’s time to get the soil ready. Make sure to remove any grass or weeds from the area, then add a 2 to 4” layer of compost on top of the soil. Mix it in thoroughly, then spread a 3” layer of mulch over the soil. This helps keep weeds away and helps the soil retain moisture as the avocado tree gets established.
Planting and Watering
When it comes to planting, the hole should be just big enough to fit the root ball. Plant slightly deeper than the soil level of the root ball, then gently pack the soil around the roots. Water your tree thoroughly, soaking the roots at least 1” to 2” deep. A slow, steady stream of water is best to avoid flooding the roots. After planting, water lightly every day for the first few weeks and then water every few days during hot, dry weather.
Fertilizing and Pruning
Your avocado tree should be fertilized in the spring and fall, using a slow-release fertilizer and following the directions on the packaging. Pruning isn’t typically necessary, unless you need to remove dead or diseased branches. Other than that, little pruning is needed and it should be done sparingly.
Protect Against Pests
Avocado trees are prone to several pests, including scale insects, whiteflies, and mealybugs. When these pests appear, use a horticultural oil to get rid of them. Neem oil is also a great natural insecticide for controlling pests. Monitor your tree for signs of pests and disease and treat as needed.
Harvest Time
On average, an avocado tree takes anywhere from 4 to 8 years to bear fruit. Depending on the variety, your avocados could be ready to harvest between May and October. If you’re not sure when your tree is ripe, pick a few avocados and let them ripen indoors until they’re soft and squishy. Remember, harvesting your avocados too early means they won’t ripen properly.
Winter Care
Avocado trees will require some extra care during the winter months. Applying a 3- to 4-inch layer of mulch to the soil around the base of the tree can help retain moisture and warmth. Depending on your climate, you may also need to cover your tree with a frost cloth during cold snaps. And check your soil regularly for signs of dryness. During the dormant season, water your tree deeper and less frequently in order to encourage strong root development.
Pests and Disease Control
Although there are few pests and diseases that affect avocado trees, it’s important to be on the lookout for signs of trouble. The most common problems are canker, root rot, black spot, and anthracnose. It’s also important to monitor your tree for signs of pests, such as whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects. Applying organic pest controls and following proper pruning techniques will help keep your tree healthy and pest-free.
Root Stock Selection
When planting an avocado tree, it’s important to choose the right root stock. The root stock determines the size and hardiness of the tree as it matures. If you’re growing in a container, select a dwarf root stock like the Zutano or Dwarf Mexicola. If you’re growing in the ground, choose a larger root stock such as the O’Henry or Seminole. A reputable nursery should be able to help you select the right root stock for your needs.
Providing Shade
Since avocado trees need full sun to produce fruit, they also need some protection from extreme heat and bright sunlight. During the hottest months of the year, provide your tree with some shade and protection by planting other trees around it. This will also help prevent the tree from drying out too quickly.
Proper Watering Technique
Avocado trees need a steady supply of water in order to produce fruit, but be careful not to over-water. To encourage healthy growth and abundant fruit, water your avocado tree to a depth of 1′-2′ every few days during warm weather, and every 1-2 weeks during cool weather.
Compost and Mulch
It’s essential to provide your avocado tree with plenty of nutrients. Adding compost is a great way to give the tree a boost, and mulching helps the soil retain moisture. Spread a 1-2” layer of organic compost around the base of the tree during the spring and fall, and add a thick layer of mulch in the summer. This can help prevent weeds and help keep the soil at a consistent temperature.
Choosing an Avocado Tree
When selecting an avocado tree, it’s important to choose one that’s suited to your climate. The ideal location for an avocado tree is one that gets plenty of sunlight and has well-draining soil. Avoid frost pockets and areas that are too windy. Choose your variety and root stock carefully, and plant the tree in a container or in the ground. Finally, make sure to provide your tree with ample nutrients, water and shade when needed.
Staking the Tree
In order to keep your tree upright and stable, it’s important to stake it as it grows. Staking will also help support the canopy, reducing stress on the branches and trunk. Drive three stakes into the ground, spacing them evenly around the trunk, and use twine or strong rope to tie the tree to the stakes. Make sure the staking is loose enough to allow for some movement, which helps the tree develop a strong trunk.
Monitoring the Tree
The best way to ensure a healthy avocado tree is to monitor it regularly. Pay attention to any signs of pests or diseases and treat them immediately. Watch for signs of too much or too little water, as well as signs of nutrient deficiency such as yellowing leaves. Regular monitoring will help you catch any problems early and avoid any lasting damage to your tree.
